August 2002
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Chinese authorities closed down a private Tibetan School
[ read ]
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Arrested Mother released with her baby from Nepal Jail
[ read ]
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Affluent businessman flees Tibet
[ read ]
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Access to information denied
[ read ]
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Karmapa's tutor and two assistants arrested
[ read ]
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A Tibetan Monk and four others incarcerated since 1994
[ read ]
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Kalachakra Initiation in Tibet Prohibited
[ read ]
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Education in Marlho
[ read ]
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"See No Tibet, Hear No Tibet,Speak No Tibet: WSSD Gags Tibetan Voice"
[ read ]
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Work Team in Yoetri Monastery
[ read ]
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New Report on Land and Housing Rights
[ read ]
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Workshop and Educational talk series
[ read ]
[ top ]
According to reliable information received from Tibet,
Tsa-Sur school (translit: tsha zur) popularly known as
Tsang-Sul school, a private Tibetan school in Lhasa, was
reportedly closed by the Chinese government at the end of
July 2002.
The school was first founded in 1988 through the joint
efforts of three Tibetan individuals to promote and
preserve Tibetan language. In its initial years the school
was run on voluntary contributions by the students, but
later it attracted funding from abroad.
The majority of the teachers were former political
prisoners or people with history of political
activities. The first principal of the school, Lobsang
Yonten alias Tsang-Sul Shangla, was detained for eight
months in May 1993 when he attempted to hand over documents
to a visiting European delegation in Lhasa. He passed
away on 30 October 1994. After Lobsang Yonten's death,
Topgyal took over and ran the school up until its closure.
The popularity of Tsangsul School was based on its minimal
school fees and high standard of teaching. Upto the
Middle School level, similar curriculum was followed as in
other schools, except that Tibetan was the main subject,
followed by Chinese, Maths, and English. According to one
refugee who arrived in 1995, there were 120 students then,
with no restrictions or conditions imposed on the students.
In 2002, the school had 500 students, of whom 60
students-all orphans-received free education while the
others, who generally were unable to pay the exorbitant
fees asked by other schools, paid a nominal fee of 20
Yuan per semester. There were 12 teachers in the school
with Topgyal as the director, administrator and the main teacher.
According to information provided by former students who
spoke to TCHRD, the school was progressing well. However
since 2001, problems were caused by the local government
school, Yuethong School no. 1. Parents started removing
their children from the government school to admit them
to Tsangsul School, and the authorities of the government
school blamed Tsangsul School for their dwindling student
population."
Local residents believe that the rising popularity of
the school as well as the school's failure to follow
the government's demands to collect higher school fees
were catalysts for the closure. Government authorities
apparently alleged that the school was affiliated with the
'Dalai Clique'.
The school campus and classrooms had been rented from a
local family. However, after the recent government orders,
the landlord was no longer permitted to rent the premise
for schooling purposes.
All the teachers are now unemployed and the fate of the children unknown.
[ top ]
According to reliable TCHRD source, on Friday, 23 August 2002,
Tenzin Yangzom
and her baby were released from
the Dili Bazaar prison in Kathmandu, Nepal. A German
physician had been examining Tenzin Yangzom and diagonised
typhoid in conjunction with her already frail physical
condition. Recognising the seriousness of her condition,
the physician organised to pay the residual fine of NC
121,897 after a reduction NC 25 for each day of internment,
which ensured Tenzin's release.
Mother and child are now both under the care of Tibetan
Reception Centre's clinic, where the baby boy has recovered
from a mild gastric problem. Tenzin Yangzom was extremely
weak at the time of her release, and is now recovering
under constant care of the kind physician and the Clinic
staff. Tenzin will return to Dharamsala once her health
condition improves.
Tenzin Yangzom, along with eight other students from Amdo
were returning to Tibet, when they were arrested on 22
August 2001 by Nepali Security Personel at Thangkot, the
largest checkpoint at the Nepal-India border. An exorbitant
amount of US $1,365 per person and an additional penalty
of 20,000 Nepali Currency (NC) for illegally crossing
the border, totaling NC Rs 121,897.25 per person were
imposed on the eight students. Non-payment carried a
default sentence of 10 year's imprisonment.
Unable to pay this huge sum, the students have been
lingering in prison since August last year. Tenzin Yangzom,
19, gave birth to Tenzin Dhondup, while in prison. Her
health condition became critical after giving birth.
Every effort in the past to get the ill mother and baby out
on medical parole failed. Several concerned human rights
groups including TCHRD and individuals had been voicing
their protests and providing food for both the mother and
the child.
Efforts are under way for the release of the remaining
Tibetans in the prison, of whom it is reported that one
male, Sonam Gyaltsen Lama is in serious ill health.
[ top ]
Nyima Tsering is a 32-year-old thanka painter from Labrang.
He fled Tibet in ** and arrived in India in August 2002.
Nyima was for a brief moment in the Chinese Army, following
which he was assisting his uncle in Lhasa with his business,
which did not run well. This prompted Nyima to
start his own venture into business by opening a shop in
Shigatse in 2000.
"The procedure was lengthy as permits are usually not
granted to those from outside 'TAR" and involved heavy
bribing to the officials. Additionally the taxes one has
to pay per month is exorbitant. To this office (Kunshang)
a monthly tax of Yuan 70 should be paid. Every month
one has to pay 120 yuan to the tax department. This is
excluding 'cleanliness' tax of yuan 80, 300 yuan to the
fire department and 12 to the water works department.
"The shop was initially dealing with painting furniture
and tailoring works. I had at first three apprentices from
poor village background. Gradually I expanded my business
and eventually opened a restaurant. I had approximately 86
employees and progress was rapid. The Shigatse TV network
even publicised my rise in business as a successful private
entrepreneur. My company was named 'Amdo Tailoring Shop'.
At the height of my success in business, I had property
worth an estimated Yuan 6,00,000.
"Around 6 August 2001, during one of the infamous random
visits, policemen came and confiscated 20 pairs of carpets
(approx. cost 4000 per pair) and 12 thankas (religious wall
hanging scrolls). These inspections are actually meant for
surveillance of any unregistered guests. The thankas were
of Chenregzig (god of compassion, the Dalai Lama is very
often referred to as the manifestationof Chenregzig) and
approximately cost Yuan 20,000 each. The next day all the
confiscated thankas were burnt right in front of my eyes.
I was also fined fined Yuan 6000 although I told them that
I did not have the money to pay that sort of fine. When I
claimed my innocence they said that I have done them on
purpose. They said, "when you draw or stitch snow lions
and snow mountains then it is a political offence."
"I was detained, tried and sentenced to three years in
Ngamring Prison, Shigatse. Within two months in the
prison, I was assigned to draw the Potala Palace by
the jail authorities in order to raise prison fund. The
drawing took a little over a month. Upon its completion,
the prison officials sold it to Shigatse Gagchen shop for
Yuan 14,000. As a recognition of this contribution, I was
to be released well before my prison term. I spent three
months in Ngamring Prison. At that time there were about
300 prisoners, all serving up to 3 years' imprisonment.
Prisoners serving longer sentences were sent to Drapchi.
"Upon my release, I returned to Shigatse however, my
restaurant was closed and all the items were confiscated. I
was financially completely bankrupt. All my employees had
returned to their homes. I was prohibited from continuing
my business."
[ top ]
According to information received from Tibet in early
August, local and regional governments are imposing
restrictions on the use of Internet and adopting various
methods to jam foreign radio broadcast. This attempt
has created an atmosphere of fear and intimidation for
the Tibetan people to listen to the radio broadcast.
Reports indicate that the authorities have attempted to
install hi tech equipment that would cause disturbances
and jam the wave.
According to a testimony from a Tibetan from Ngaba
'Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture', "In Ngaba, an equipment
was installed under the pretext of replacing an old
duplicate mobile service. Since the installation, the
radio broadcasts have been blurred and barely audible.
It is the new gadget installed that has directly affected
the quality of the broadcast which now sounds distant and
jammed with a lot of blaring loud cacophony."
[ top ]
Within a period of six months this year, the Chinese
authorities arrested Yongzin Nyima, tutor of Karmapa Ugyen
Trinley Dorjee, and two other monks namely Thupten and
Namla in Tibet.
According to a reliable source, who wants to remain
anonymous, monk Thupten was arrested in January while
trying to flee Tibet, Namla in March in eastern Tibet;
and Tutor Nyima in June in Kongpo. Unconfirmed recent
report emanating from Tibet indicates that Tutor Nyima
is undertaking a hunger strike as a mark of protest while
in custody. TCHRD has not received any confirmed reports
about where they are being currently held and their health
conditions.
Meanwhile in India, the Karmapa has expressed serious
concern for the well being of the three monks. In a recent
press statement in August, he appealed for the three monks'
immediate release and urged the Chinese authorities not
to torture them in prison.
[ top ]
Lobsang Palden
was 27 years old when he was arrested on 29
March 1994 by Pashoe County (situated 45 Kms south west
of Chamdo town) Public Security Bureau Officers. Lobsang, a
monk of Serwa Monastery was arrested along with four other
monks from the same monastery. They include, Chime Dorje
(b. 1967), Lobsang Jinpa (b. 1971) lay name Pema Tsering,
Jampa Tashi (b. 1968) and Lobsang Tsegyal (b. 1963) lay
name Lobsang Tendon.
According to a Tibet TV broadcast on 26 July
which was monitored by BBC, all were convicted of
"counterrevolutionary propaganda". The official Chinese
Announcement said that the prisoners are all from "Rizhi
township". Apparently a Chinese rendering for Ritri
(ri-khid), a remote tonwhsip also called Do-ser in the
northern part of the country of Pashoe (Ch; Baxoi).
The prisoners were convicted by the Chmado Prefectural
Intermediate Court for offences committed on 29 march
1994. They were paraded at a public sentencing rally.
According to the Chinese language TV broadcast, "At around
20.00 hours on 29 march, the five accused, armed with
their reactionary slogans ad the adhesive they had prepared
earlier, arrived in the proximity of the township (Ritri)
people's government building and Jigme Dorje (Chime Dorje)
and Lobsang Tsegye proceeded to put up a poster bearing
reactionary slogans on a door to the left of the township
people's government building."
Reports received from refugees at the tme testify that
the fact that the Tibetans removed the boards from two
local offices aggravated the Chinese authorities. The
name boards bore the titles, "Party People's Government"
and Township People's Government."
According to an anonymous local leader, "They had turned
over the address plate of the government building and they
moved the address plate of the township party committee
branch building to a roadside 90 metres from the township
government building, smashed it with a rock and stuck the
smashed piece upside down on the roadside to indicate that
they were overthrowing the township people's government."
Additionally the monks put up posters calling for
independence and signed their names with the note, "We
are monks from Serwa Monastery." They then commandeered an
official car and drove to the county headquarters at pashoe
where they put up more posters before being arrested.
There were reports that the five were reportedly kept in
aerial suspension at the gate of the county PSB by their
arms immediately after their arrest.
Lobsang Palden and Jampa Tashi were sentenced to 12 years'
imprisonment while Chime Dorje, Lobsang Tsegyal and Pema
Tsering were sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment.
[ top ]
Tenzin Palsang
is a 19-year-old monk from Rabten Monastery in Sog County.
There were three other monks from the same
monastery who escaped to India. They reached Nepal in July.
According to Tenzin, "In March 2001, Geshi Gyalten
Rabsel was scheduled to give a Kalachakra initiation in
Sog County. Geshi Gyalten Rabsel has a Geshi Lhabrang
degree from the Sera Monastery and he is currently the
abbot of Rabten Monastery. Prior permission from the
Sog county officials was already sought and granted,
however, two days before the initiation started county
officials arrived and abruptly stopped it. This was on
14th day of the second Tibetan month (Tibetans follow the
lunar calendar). Grand preparations had already been made
and many expenses already incurred. Everything was ready,
and big preparations had been made for it, but all in vain.
The officials said that the prohibition order had come from
the Central Government. The claim was that the kalachakra
teaching is the teaching of the Dalai Lama. A monk from
Rabten Monastery went to the officials, produced a copy
of the scripture and stated that this teaching was not
by the Dalai Lama, but by the Buddha. After a month, he
was called to the County office and held in custody for
interrogation for five days. He was also fined yuan 200
for questioning the prohibition of the Initiation. Another
lay person, called Gatsa Aryang, spoke to the authorities
and requested to be allowed to hold the Kalarchakra, that
he would take personal responsibility for any untoward
political incident. The authorities did not listen to
anyone. The elder people wailed and spread themselves
in front of the official's vehicles. The estimated one
hundred thousand people, desperate for the initiation and
having travelled great distance waited around for ten days
hoping for the permission to come through."
Hundreds of tents were put up and the monastery was
supposed to organise the entire event with financial
support from individuals and families. People arrived from
other regions, including Chamdo, Penpa and Sog County
to listen to the revered lama's teaching. But this was
unfortunately banned.
According to Tenzin Palsang, in his area the Chinese now
have banned the conducting of the examinations for Geshe
Lhabrang degree, effectively preventing the achievement
of this level of religious study. The ceremony attracts a
large amount of Tibetans: relatives who sponsor the event,
monks, and the general public. It is this gathering that
the Chinese are trying to prevent by the ban.
[ top ]
Palden Tashi
is a 17-year-old student from Jetsa She Marlho county,
Qinghai Province. He comes from a farming family of
eight. His elder brother Wangchuk Dorjee will complete
from Hinan Ethnic Teacher's University in August 2002.
Palden throws some light on the problems at educational
Institutions in his area.
"For the four-year university studies, a total fee amount to Yuan 36000. But the higher secondary school fee is Yuan 1000 a year. My elder sister Jalmo Kyab remains at home and assists our parents in running the family. I have completed my secondary school in 1997, since my family could not afford to pay fees I remained at home and could not attend further studies."
"There were around 1100 students in the school and all were Tibetans. We have to give 400 Gyama of cereals and five Gyama of oil and an additional Yuan 400-500 annually as the school fees. The school headmaster had no concern for the student's welfare. The food we got was very poor and unhygienic. The school headmaster had no feeling for Tibetans. Although the Chinese government ran the school, the condition was deplorable. Out of the 150 teachers, 20 were Chinese. The school had neither a library nor any computers. Though the school provided us with textbooks, we had to buy all other necessary stationary. The school had no medical clinic of its own, so when students fell sick, the parents were immediately contacted."
"Photos of His Holiness the Dalai Lama were not allowed in the school. So far no "Free Tibet" related activities have taken place in our school. When students gathered around, they would covertly talk about Free Tibet. Most of the their view is that Getting Free Tibet is quite impossible, because then there are other minorities who would demand the same, and China can not stand for its disintegration."
"Halong township Muslims move to Jetsa and took over their business. Since 1995 the Muslims started to come over, coinciding with festivals and ceremony. Since 1 October, Tibetan New Year, 1 and 4 May sports day. During such big gatherings, the Halong Muslims will set up restaurants, shops and other business outlets. The Muslim population has good contact with the Jetsa police, so the Muslim took over the sites and Tibetans were removed from there. When meeting with police, they will favour the Muslim and the Tibetans always end up losing out. Such discrimination happens quite a number of times there."
"After consulting with the family, I decide to leave for India. I came with 3700 yuan and by the time I reached Nepal, I had only 200 yuan left with me. Along with 17 other Tibetans I reached the TRC via Solukumpo after 18 days of walking we arrived at Kodari but there the police arrested us and took us down to the immigration department in Kathmandu.
Names of four students who came to India are Yangchen Lhamo, Samten, Tashi Dolma and Palden. They have finished higher secondary school but were unable to afford high school fees/ many people to from Jetsa go to India and most of them are monks."
[ top ]
On 3 September 2002, the South African Police arrested
Tibetans and Green peace activists for an hour and half for
holding a silent vigil while the Chinese Prime Minister,
Zhu Rongji, was addressing the plenary session of the
World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD). The vigil
was held outside Sandton Conference Centre, the venue of
the governmental segment of the WSSD meeting. The posters
read, "See No Tibet, Hear No Tibet, Speak No Tibet: WSSD
Gags Tibetan Voice".
The Tibetan vigil received more media attention when
about 25 South African police-team forcefully pushed
and surrounded the Tibetan Delegation and Green peace
activists. At that time, Senator Bob Brown of Australia was
meeting with the members of the Tibetan delegation. All
the demonstrators were released but no explanation was
provided by the South African Police Department.
The Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy,
Tibet Justice Center, and International Campaign for
Tibet were denied accreditation to the Summit when the
People's Republic of China used a procedural motion called
"no-action" during PrepComs II, III and IV of the Summit
held at New York and Bali, Indonesia.
While the Chinese authorities blocked Tibetan NGOs
from the WSSD process, Beijing has brought more than 40
Government-sponsored NGOs to support its propaganda at
the Johannesburg Summit. The vigil was addressing this
hypocrisy and insincerity by the member states attending
the Summit. "We feel politically discriminated against. It
is unfortunate that the majority of member-countries of
the G77 played a major role to gag Tibetan organizations
at this Summit" said Mrs Norzin Dolma of the Tibetan Centre
for Human Rights and Democracy.
Since the current wave of UN world conferences began in 1992,
the Chinese authorities have always tried to block
the participation of established Tibetan NGOs to ensure
that the issue of Tibet is not heard.
[ top ]
Kunga Tenzin,
a 30-year-old monk from Arwade village,
Markham County, reached India on 28 August 2002.
On being interviewed, he said: "I am a monk of the Yoetri
Monastery, which is located in our Arwade village. The
village comprises 21 families. Our livelihood depends
both on agrarian farm and livestock. Yoetri Monastery
has a total of 40 monks. The 'work team' from the
County Religious Department first came to the monastery
in 1997. During that visit, the 'work team' remained at
the monastery for three months and 20 days. The primary
task carried out by them was to call us for meetings where
we were asked to denounce the Dalai Lama.
"The 'work team' intruded the freedom movement of the
monks, by prohibiting the monks from visiting India
or Lhasa. We were also warned not to convert ourselves
from one sect to the another, the continuity of ones own
religious sect was emphasised," Kunga continued.
"Out of the 40 monks, only 30 had the permission to stay
in the monastery, while the rest were not allowed inside
the monastery. When the "work team" called us for sessions,
many monks expressed unwillingness to attend it. Some young
monks would manage to escape from attending the meeting
by giving excuses but few elderly monks would attend the
meetings. The elder monks would often tell the "work team"
that the monks have works to do and therefore cannot attend
the indoctrination sessions. The "work team" handed out
textbooks. But we were mostly unaware of the contents.
We were asked to study them and to sit for certain
tests. But many monks would not care about doing so. The
monks were highly disturbed in their studies and meditation
by the presence of the "work team". Even the monks who
were on retreat would be asked to attend the sessions.
"Lately the 'work team' have been visiting the monastery
thrice a month and have been staying there for not more
than a week during each visit.
"There never was any political incident like putting up
'Free Tibet' posters, but among the monks, there was
a lot of discussion on Tibet's independence. People are
hopeful about Tibet's freedom and the Tibetans being more
powerful than the Chinese immigrants are. The monks are
so distressed in their own monastery that they are all
very eager to go to India to pursue further religious
studies. Right now I am the only monk from our monastery
escaping to exile; but I am sure that the other monks would
like to join me later on. All monks in our monastery do
not wish to remain restricted under the Chinese. All that
they want is to seek an audience with HH the Dalai Lama.
"I aspire to be a good Dharma practitioner but under the
Chinese domination, it was quite impossible to fulfill my
aspirations. There were restrictions on the possession of
photos of HH the Dalai Lama in the monastery. Hence our
religious studies and peace of mind are negatively affected
by the constant intervention of Chinese work team visits.
I decide to leave Tibet."
[ top ]
The Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy releases
its latest report on land and housing rights in Tibet,
"Dispossessed".
For many years human rights monitors have reported on
China's denial of political and civil freedoms rather than
focus on economic issues. In return, China often defends
its stance on civil and political issues by claiming that
its citizens are more interested in economic security
than with personal freedoms. With China's ratification
of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights (ICESCR) in 2001, the time is ripe for a
closer analysis of China's record in relation to specific
economic rights.
The Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy (TCHRD)
has therefore prepared this Land and Housing Rights Report
to present to two different forums. The first is the World
Summit for Sustainable Development (WSSD), South Africa,
September 2002; the second is the United Nations' Committee
for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights which will assess
China's first state report regarding the ICESCR, due in June 2003.
Land rights, housing, and sustainable habitats are economic
issues which are crucial not just to individuals' personal
rights, but also to the future of a country. A balance
must be struck between affording individuals equitable
access to quality land/housing, and ensuring that the
settlements in which such housing is located, or the
uses to which the land is put, are sustainable. This
report therefore examines housing and land issues using
a rights framework that embraces the right of a people to
sustainable development.
In 1996 the PRC government made a public commitment to the
full and progressive realisation of the right to adequate
housing.i In ratifying the ICESCR in 2001, China has made
a legal commitment to recognise this right. Over the past
decade, the PRC has also regularly made submissions to
the United Nations' Committee for Sustainable Development
claiming compliance to sustainable development including
the right to land. Despite this public face, there are
serious violations of international law and principles
currently occurring within Tibet.
In studying Tibet's housing and land rights issues against
the framework of both human rights and sustainable
development, TCHRD hopes to contribute to the ongoing
debate about the links between the two issues. At the
time of writing, many human rights NGOs participating
in the Preparatory Meetings for the WSSD were outraged
at the exclusion of human rights discourse from the
Summit platform. It is to be hoped that the WSSD in
Johannesburg will correct the course of international
policy development. The fact is no country can claim to be
achieving sustainable development if it denies its people
their fundamental political, civil, religious, economic,
social and cultural rights. Sustainability is meaningless
if people are not involved in creating or taking part in
its benefits.
It must be stressed that this Report is not a result
of fieldwork research. Although China is increasingly
permitting NGOs and international academics to conduct
research in various regions of China, given TCHRD's
background in human rights advocacy, we face insurmountable
difficulties entering Tibet to conduct comprehensive
research on housing and land conditions. TCHRD very
much hopes that in the near future academics and/or
international NGOs are able to conduct grassroots research
in both the "TAR" and the rest of ethnographic Tibet.
In the absence of this level of access, TCHRD has
researched academic papers and Beijing's White Papers
for data on China's policies in Tibet. TCHRD has also
made use of information provided to the centre by
Western travellers. However, our greatest resource is
the testimonies of recently-exiled Tibetans whom we have
interviewed in India and Nepal since our inception six
years ago. TCHRD strongly believes in a people-centred
approach to human rights issues and to sustainable
development. Tibetans best know what is happening in their
country and the information they provide is crucial to
understanding the situation on the ground.
This Report is titled "Dispossessed" because the key
feature of land and housing in Tibet in the 20th century
is the dispossession by the Chinese government of Tibetan
land and housing. Even recent reforms which purport to
grant households greater tenure over land and housing
actually have the effect of further alienating control
over land resources from the people of Tibet.
[ top ]
Ms Youdon Aukatsang and
Ms Tenzin Chokey
were invited as resource persons to Bir Tibetan settlement for their
human rights and democracy workshop on 2 and 3 August 2002.
The workshop was organised by the Regional Tibetan Women's
Association and extended to the general interested public
in Bir. There were approximately 50 participants and
the workshop lasted two days. During their stay, they
visited the Tibetan Children's Village School in Suja.
They took over class nine for a day and had extensive
discussions with children on their perception of human
rights and democracy.
Ms Tenzin Chokey attended the human rights and democracy
workshop in Manali organised by the Regional Tibetan Youth
Congress on 18 August 2002. She took a session on human
rights and the United Nations and its relevance to the
Tibetan struggle.
The Centre successfully concluded its second workshop
on human rights and democracy jointly organised with
Asian Human Rights Commission based in Hong Kong. The
four-day workshop started on 12 August 2002 and was
attended by 32 participants from various backgrounds
including, governmental, non-governmental organisations
and religious institutions. The Resource persons were
Mr Basil Fernando and Mr Bruce van Voorhis from AHRC, Mr
Lobsang Sangay Harvard Law School, Ms Youdon Aukatsang and
Ms Tenzin Chokey from the Centre. The workshop dealt in
detail the UDHR and the International Covenants. Some of
the crucial discussions took place while dwelling on the
law on regional autonomy for China's national minorities
and how it affects Tibetans; the strategies of Chinese
authorities. The response from the participants was every
encouraging. They were urged to apply and impart the
knowledge they had gained in their everyday life.
Executive Director Ms Tsewang Lhadon and Senior
Programme Officer Ms Youdon Aukatsang received a group
of Indian parliamentarians about the Centres objectives
and activities. Ms Aukatsang interpreted accounts for
two former political prisoners and attended to various
questions from the parliamentarians. The parliamentarians
expressed solidarity and agreed to support the cause
of Tibet.
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