Notes 1.1 - Annual Report 2004 - TCHRD - Publications

Publications

Annual Report 2004

Development - Notes

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1. Right to Development is an inalienable human right by virtue of which every human person and all peoples are entitled to participate in, contribute to, and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development, in which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can be fully realized

2. Self-determination means that peoples must enjoy the right to participate in the design and implementation of a genuine sustainable development policies.

3. “Human Rights in China”, Beijing Review, 4 November 1991, p.43

4. “Human Rights Progress in China”, PRC State Council Information Office, Beijing, Dec. 1995, translated in FBIS-CHI-96-112

5. “Human Rights in China”, 8

6. Ibid. 9

7. Ibid, 12

8. Available at www.acca21.cn/indexe12.html

9. “Breakthroughs planned for Nation’s Western Development”, People’s Daily Online, www.english.peopledaily.com.cn

10.Andrew Fischer, Poverty by Design: Economics of Discrimination, Canada Tibet Committee [CTC], August 2002

11. The Milarepa Foundation and Project Underground, Raiding the Treasure House: Oil and Mineral Extraction in China’s Colonisation of Tibet, www.milarepa.org

12. June Teufel Dreyer, “Economic Development in Tibet under the People’s Republic of China“, Journal of Contemporary China (2003), 12 (36), August, 411? 30

13. Text of “Report on the work of the government” by Gyaltsen Norbu, Chairman of the “TAR”, delivered at the Sixth Regional People’s Congress on 15 May 1997 published by the regional newspaper from Tibet “Xizang Ribao”, source Xizang Ribao, Lhasa, in Chinese, 29 March 1997, pp1.2

14. Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom, Oxford University Press, 1999

15.Statement by Mr. Sita, Advisor of the Chinese delegation, on Item 14 at the 59th Session of the Commission on Human Rights, 14 April 2003, Geneva

16.Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the whole of the twenty-fourth special session of the General Assembly UN Doc. A/S-24/8/Rev.1

17.Robert Barnett, “Chen Kuyian and Marketisation of Policy”

18. Chen Kuiyian, Requirements and Hopes for the Third Working Meeting on Tibet, 28 June 1994, Xizang de Jiaobu, 1999, pp.194, 196-197

The Situation of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in Tibet, Written Statement submitted by the Federation of Associations for Defence and Promotion of Human Rights, an NGO in consultative status, Economic and Social Council, General E/CN.4/2003/NGO/50, 28 February 2003, Commission on Human Rights, Fifty ninth session, Item 10 of the provisional agenda.

20.Arthur N. Holcombe, “The Impacts of Economic Reform and Opening Up Policies on Local Ethnic Population Living Standards in China: The Case of Tibet”, August 2001

21. “The Right to Development”, written statement submitted by the Transnational Radical Party, a non-governmental organization in general consultative status, 2 February 2004, Commission on Human Rights, Sixtieth Session, Item 7 of the provisional agenda

22.Department of Information and International Relations (DIIR), Environment and Development in Tibet; A Crucial Issue, 2003

23.The Western Development Strategy is reportedly launched to combat widening gap between the eastern coastal and inner western provinces.

24.The Milarepa Fund and Project Underground, Raiding the Treasure House: Oil and Mineral Extraction in China’s Colonization of Tibet, www.milarepa.org

25.“Initial Reports on Fourth Work Forum”, Tibet Information Network (TIN) News Update, 27 July 2001

“Farmers anxious over Highway Project”, TCHRD Human Rights Update, at http;//www.tchrd.org/hrupdate/2004/hr200407.htm#anxious

27. The Office of the Western Region Development Leading Group is at the base of this core structure. At the next level is the Western Region Development Leading Group. At the highest level are the Party elite of Jiang Zemin, Zhu Rongju and Wen Jiabao

Gregory T Chin, “The Politics of China’s Western Development Initiative” in China’s West Region Development; Domestic Strategies and Global Implications, edited by Ding Lu d William A.W. Neilson

30. “China’s Great Leap West”, at www.tibetinfo.com

31.UN Sub-Commission resolution 1990/17; 1991/28; 1992/28, 1993/34. See also Meindersma, “Legal Issues surrounding Population Transfers in Conflict Situations,” Netherlands Institute Law Rev., Vol XLI, 1994, 31-84

32. International Commission of Jurist , “Tibet: Human Rights and the Rule of Law”, December 1997, p.119

33. Address of 15 May 1995, Xizang Raibao, 8 June 1995, SWB FE/2363 S2/1-16, 24 July 1995

34. June Teufel Dreyer, “Economic Development in Tibet under the People’s Republic of China”, Journal of Contemporary China (2003), 12 (36), August 411?30

35. According to a cadre in the Ministry of Public Security in charge of household registration. Renmin Ribao, SWB FE/1332 B2/6, 18 March 1992. Chinese officials have stated that most Chinese seen in Tibet are part of the floating population. Xinhua, 22 July 1995, SWB FE/2365 G/7 26 July 1995

36. Cited in (no author), “ An influx deemed good for Tibet’s economic development? Far Eastern Economic Review, 19 February 1998, p.29

37. DIIR, Environment and Development in Tibet: A Crucial Issue, 2003

38.China, UNDP to train professionals for Western Regions

39.“Accelerated Personnel Training Vital to Western Development”, People’s Daily, June 07, 2000, http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200006/07/eng20000607_42446.html

40.Environment and Development Desk (EDD) of DIIR, China’s Railway Project: Where will it take Tibet?

42. South China Morning Post, 23 October 2000

43 Alan P. Liu, Communication and National Integration in Communist China, cited by Leung Chi-Keung (University of HongKong), China” Railway Patters and National Goals, The university of Chicago, Department of Geography, Research Paper No. 95, 1980, p.155

44. Erling Hoh, “Bridging Beijing to Tibet with each new track”, Washington Times, 19 November 2004

45. Robert Bedeski, “Western China: Human Security and National Security” in China’s West Region Development: Domestic Strategies and Global Implications edited by Ding Lu and William A. W. Neilson, 2004

46. Erling Hoh, “Bridging Beijing to Tibet with each new track”, Washington Times, 19 November 2004

47. Erling Hoh, “Bridging Beijing to Tibet with each new track”, Washington Times, 19 November 2004

48. Erling Hoh “For Tibetans, railroad brings doom”, Washington Times, 26 November 2004

49. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992

50. UN Doc.A/CONF.151/5,3.

51. Principle 10, ibid.

52.R. Jaheil, “Globalization and the violation of environmental justice”, 22 February 2003

53. DIIR, China’s Current Policy on Tibet, 29 September 2000

54. Prof. Li Bingjiong, “The Progress of Poverty Alleviation in China; Experience, Problems and Implications for the Asia–Pacific”, Department of Agricultural Economics, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, P.R.of China, Bangkok, February 2002

55.DIIR, China’s Current Policy on Tibet, 29 September 2000

56. GDP Growth Tops 8.5 Percent in Western Region in First Half”, People’s Daily Online, http;//english.peopledaily.com.cn

57. “Land-Forest Conversion Continues in West”, China Daily

58. Yang Chungtang, “Effectively safeguard, guide, and bring into play the people’s enthusiasm; deepen implementation of the guidelines of the Third Forum on Work in Tibet” from the Tibet news paper xizang Ribao, Lhasa, 21 April 1995

59. "Environmental drive threatens nomadic culture”, TCHRD Press Release, 21 August 2003

60.‘Nomads and farmers resettled in environment protection drive in Chamdo and Sichuan”, TIN News Update, at http;//www.tibetinfor.net/news-updates/2003/2907.htm

61. Human Rights in China, “Major Problems Found in Three Gorges Dam Resettlement Program”, 1 March 1998.

63. “Environmental drive threatens nomadic culture”, TCHRD Press Release, 21 August 2003

64. http;//www.tchrd.org/hrupdate/2004/hr200407.htm#anxious

65.The Situation of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in Tibet, Written Statement submitted by the Federation of Associations for Defence and Promotion of Human Rights, an NGO in consultative status, Economic and Social Council, General E/CN.4/2003/NGO/50, 28 February 2003, Commission on Human Rights, Fifty ninth session, Item 10 of the provisional agenda.

66. EDD of DIIR, Tibet 2000: Environment and Development Issues, 2000

67. The Milarepa Fund, Raiding the Treasure House: Oil and Mineral Extraction in China’s Colonization of Tibet, www.milarepa.org

68.The Milarepa Fund, Raiding the Treasure House: Oil and Mineral Extraction in China’s Colonization of Tibet, www.milarepa.org

69. EDD of the DIIR, Tibet 2000: Development and Environment Issues, 2000

70.http://www.tchrd.org/hrupdate/2004/hr200409.htm#arrested

71. Convention 29 describes forced labour as “work extracted from persons under the menace of penalty and for which the individuals have not offered voluntarily”.

72. Convention 105 is concerned with the banning of forced labour as a “means of political coercion or as punishment for political views, as a method of mobilizing and using labour for purposes of economic development or as a means of racial, social, national or religious discrimination.

73. International Campaign for Tibet, 1993

74. Free Tibet Campaign, 1997

75. Chen Shan, “Inner Asian Grassland Degradation and Plant Transformation”, 111, in Humprey ed, “Culture and Environment in Inner Asia”, Vol. 1.

76. World Bank, China; Air, Land and Water; environmental priorities for a new millenium, 2001, 11-24

77. Speaking for Tibet; A Shadow Report submitted to the United Nations World Summit on Sustainable Development WSSD, August 2002

78.http:www.undp.org/undp/hdro/anatools.htm

79.The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite of three basic components of human development: longevity, knowledge and standard of living. Longevity is measured by life expectancy. Knowledge is measured by a combination of adult literacy (two-thirds weight) and means years of schooling (one-third weight). Standard of living is measured by purchasing power, based on real GDP per capital adjusted for the local cost of living (purchasing power party, or PPP)

80. www.acca21.org.cn/nreport.html

81. http://www.undp.org/undp/hdro/anatools.htm

82. Income Poverty is defined as the lack of necessities for material well being, which can be measured by incidence of poverty. Human Poverty means the denial of choices and opportunities for a tolerable life in non-income aspects such as deprivation in years of life, health, knowledge and housing, the lack of participation and lack of personal security.

83.http://www.undp.org/undp/hdro/oc27.htm

84.Arthur N. Holcombe, “The Impacts of Economic Reform and Opening Up polices on Local Ethnic Population Living Standards in China: The case of Tibet”, August 2001

85. The conference was organized jointly by the World Bank and the Chinese Government

86. Refer Beijing’s Magazine on Human Rights, Vol. 4, No. 5, September 2004

87. “GDP Growth Tops 8.5 Percent in Western Region in First Half”, People’s Daily Online, http;//english.peopledaily.com.cn

88.June Teufel Dreyer, “Economic Development in Tibet under the People’s Republic of China, Journal of Contemporary China, 2003, 12 (36), August 411?30

89.Two lines are officially used to define poverty in the PRC – absolute line and benefit line. The absolute line is the minimum per person income required for a human to survive and subsist. The benefit line captures the extreme poverty that is significantly below even an absolute threshold and therefore potentially indicates severe malnutrition or other forms of extreme destitution.

90. "The rich gets richer, and the poor? Rural Poverty and inequality in Tibet – indications from recent official surveys”, TIN News Update, 31 May 2003 .

91. A Hussain, “Urban Poverty in China – Measurement, Patterns and Policies”, in Focus Programme on Socio-Economic Security, ILO, Geneva http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/ses/index.htm

92. Amei Zhang, “Poverty Alleviation in China: Commitment, Policies and Expenditures”, 1993

93. “The rich get richer, and the poor? Rural poverty and inequality in Tibet – indications from recent official surveys”, TIN News Update, 31 May 2003

94. Andrew Fischer, Poverty by Design: Economics of Discrimination, Canada Tibet Committee

95. Pierre Antoine Dunnet, Tibet: Survival in Question, London Zed Books 1994, p.139. See also Ronald Schwatrz “The Reform Revisited: The implications of Chinese economic policy and the future of Rural producers in Tibet”, in Development, Society and Environment in Tibet, ed. Graham Clarke (Graz, Austria :Austrian Academy of Sciences Press 1995)

96.Gabrielle Laffitee, “Tibet as a Developing Society”, Paper presented to the Future of Tibet Colloqium, Canberra, Australia, 2 September 1995, p.4

97.June Teufel Dreyer, “Economic Development in Tibet under the People’s Republic of China”, Journal of Contemporary China (2003), 12 (36), August, 411?30

98.Amei Zhang, “Poverty Alleviation in China: Commitment, Policies and Expenditures”, 1993

99. Speaking for Tibet; A Shadow Report at the United Nations’ World Summit on Sustainable Development”, August 2002

100. “Right to Livelihood” in TCHRD Annual Report on Human Rights Situation in Tibet, 2001

101. The NRM doctrine recognizes what the world’s nomads have always known: that these indigenous cultures have cared for the rangelands, while making full productive use of the land, for a very long time.

102.Speaking for Tibet; A Shadow Report submitted at the UN World Summit on Sustainable Development, August 2002

103.“Chinese authorities make nomadic life miserable” at http://www.tchrd.org/hrupdate/2004/hr200407.html#miserable

104.http:www.tchrd.org/hrupdate/2004/hr200408.htm

105.DIIR, Environment and Development in Tibet; A Crucial Issue, 2003

106. World Health Organisation. www.who.org

107. Article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

108. Article 12 (b) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

109.China’s White Paper on Regional Ethnic Autonomy in Tibet by Information Office of the State Council of the People\s Republic Of China, 21 May 2004

110. Delivery and Deficiency; Health and Health care in Tibet, TIN, pp. 55-56

111. “Health policy challenges in the Tibet Autonomous Region”, US Embassy Beijing, December 2000 report [http//www.usembassy-china.org.cn/sand/tib-health.htm

114.Sonal Singh, “Tears from the land of snow; Health and Human Rights in Tibet”, 22 November 2004, www.phayul.com

115. TCHRD, Annual Report on Human Rights Situation in Tibet, 2001

116. Juhie Bhatia “US Team takes Aim at Tibet’s Maternal Death Rate”, Women’s e News, Tuesday, 21 September 2004. Bonds and Rosenbloom, with Circle of Health International, based in Austin, Texas, are the latest to join a cluster of health workers in the region.

118. An obstetric Nurse at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City

119. Delivery and Deficiency; Health and Healthcare in Tibet, TIN, London, November 2002

120.“Health policy challenges in the Tibet Autonomous Region”, US Embassy Beijing, December 2000 report http//www.usembassy-china.org.cn/sand/tib-health.htm

121.Tibet Justice Centre (TJC), A Generation in Peril; The lives of Tibetan children under Chinese rule, http//www.tibetjustice.org/reports/children/index.html

122. http;//www.tchrd.org/hrupdate/2004/hr200407.htm#Aids

123.Statement by H.E Vice Minister Long Yongtu at the 18th Session of the WTO Working Party on China, 17 September 2001, available at www.wto.org

124. Tashi Tsering, Globalisation to Tibet, Paper published by the Himalayan Research Bulletin of the Geography Department of Portland State University

125. Quote from Yuan Gangmin, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

127. Tenzin P. Atisha, “Tibetan Approach to Ecology”, Tibetan Government-in-exile, http;//www.Tibet.com/Eco/eco7.html

128. William Greider,” One World, Ready or Not; The Manic of Global Capitalism”, Simon and Schuster, 1997

129. “China’s Western Development makes good start”, People’s Daily online

130. ICLT, Human Rights and the Long Term Viability of Tibet’s Economy, paper presented at PEC People’s Summit, Vancouver, Canada, November 1997

131. J Charles,” Livelihood Lost, Globalisation, WTO Accession and the Future of the Tibetan People”, Free Tibet Campaign, http//www.freetibet.org/menu.htm

132. Tashi Tsering, Globalisation to Tibet, published in the Himalayan Research Bulletin of the Geography Department of Portland State University

133.http;//www.tchrd.org/hrupdate/2004/hr200408

134.Ethical Corporation, “Corporate Social Responsibility and Tibet”, 22 September 2004

135. Arthur N. Holcombe, “The Impacts of Economic Reforms and Opening up Polices on Local Ethnic Population Living Standards in China: The case of Tibet” August 2001

136. Namgyal “China’s West Development Strategy and Rural Empowerment”, in China’s West Development Program: Domestic Strategies and Global Implications edited by Ding Lu and William A. W. Neilson, 2004

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