1. Michael Dillon, Religious Minorities and China, Minority Rights Group International, November 2001, p.13

2. (Ch: gongzuo dui, Tib: las don ru khag) specially formed temporary units of CCP members sent to conduct investigations or give political education in a particular institution or locality

3. The charismatic founder who is the reincarnation of Terton Lerab Lingpa or Sogyal Rinpoche

4. Gar denotes an encampment or religious settlement not comprising a monastery. Located in Pelyul County, Karze “TAP”, Sichuan

5. Perry Keller, “Human Rights within Chinese Municipal Law”, Tibet: The Position in International Law, Report of the Conference of International Lawyers on Issues Relating to Self-Determination and Independence for Tibet, London 1994, p.67

6. People’s Daily, “Legal Protection of the Freedom of Religious Belief”, http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/features/religion/religion3.html

7. China’s top leaders such as Jiang Zemin, Li Peng, Zhu Rongji, Li Ruihuan, Hu Jintao, Wei Jianxing and Li Lanqing participated in the conference, which also drew senior regional and ministerial officials. The Central Committee of the Communist Party (CPC) and the State Council organised the conference

8. People’s Daily, “Unite with Religious Believers in Endeavour to build Socialism the Chinese Way”, http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200112/13/print20011213_86580.html

9. ibid

10. Wolfgang Benedek, “Legal Consequences of the Denial of Other Human Rights in Tibet”, Tibet: The Position in International Law, Report of the Conference of International Lawyers on Issues Relating to Self-Determination and Independence for Tibet, London 1994, p.134

11. The Fourth Tibet Work Forum attended by all seven members of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau (Politburo) of the Chinese Communist Party, including Jiang Zemin and Zhu Rongji was held from 25-27 June 2001

12. TIN, “Initial Reports on Fourth Work Forum”, 27 July 2001, at www.tibetinfo.net

13. Vice-President Hu Jintao made the statements to legislators from Tibet during the National People’s Congress at the beginning of March 2001

14. People’s Daily, “Tibetan Buddhist Support China’s Current Religious Policy”, http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200104/06/eng20010406_67041.html

15. US State Department Report

16. Oral intervention by Jonathan Sisson, “Civil and Political Rights Including the Question of Religious Intolerance”, International Fellowship of Reconciliation, at 57th UN Commission on Human Rights, 2000

17. United States State Department, Office of International Information Programs, International Religious Freedom Report 2001, 26 October 2001 www.usinfo.state.gov/regional/ea/uschina/chinarfl.html

18. People’s Daily, “Education Improves Lamaseries’ Administration”, 19 June 2001

19. Christopher Bodeen, “Monks, China Police Coexist Uneasily”, Associated Press, 3 December 2001, www.tibet.ca

20. ibid

21. South China Morning Post, 21 August 2001

22. TCHRD Human Rights Update, August 2001, www.tchrd.org./hrupdate/2001/200108

23. See Chapter on The Status of New Tibetan Refugees

24. TCHRD Human Rights Update, March 2001, www.tchrd.org/hrupdate/2001/200103

25. TCHRD Tourist Briefing 2001

26. Zhu Ripeng, The United Weekly of Singapore, “Have the Tibetan Religion and Culture Been Exterminated?”, 19 October 1997

27. TCHRD Report, Destruction of Serthar Institute, December 2001, at www.tchrd.org/publications/Serthar

28. Rules on Administration of Religious Activities of Aliens in China, Article 2 describes aliens as those who are within Chinese territory without Chinese nationalities pursuant to the Nationality Law of China, including the long-term resident personnel in China and those staying in China for short–term visits

29. Rules on Administration of Religious Activities of Aliens in China; on 31 January 1994, two new regulations governing religious activities came into force. The first entitled “Provisions Governing the Religious Activities of Foreign Nationals within the Frontiers of the People’s Republic of China” was promulgated by Council of State Decree No.144

30. International Campaign for Tibet (ICT), “Nuns and Monks Forced to Demolish Own Housing”, http://www.tibet.ca

31. For more details on the way in which demolitions at Yachen Gar are contrary to international law, refer to the Chapter on Housing

32. Vajrayana is synonymous with Buddhist Tantric Practice

33. ICT, “Nuns and Monks Forced to Demolish Own Housing”

34. People’s Daily, “ Decisions on the Standards for Filing Directly Received Cases of Infringement Upon Citizens’ Democratic and Personal Rights and those of Malfeasance”, in “Judicial and Administrative Guarantees and Supervision of the Freedom of Religious Belief”, at http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/features/religion/religion3.html

35. TCHRD Human Rights Update, September 2001, www.tchrd.org/hrupdate/2001/200109

36. TCHRD Human Rights Update, July 2001, www.tchrd.org/hrupdate/2001/200107

37. Wang Lixong, The Dalai Lama is the Key to Tibet Issue, Lhasa and Beijing, printed by Department of Information and INternational Relations, Dharamsala, May-July 2000, p.4

38. Chen Kuiyan’s address to a meeting of “TAR” officials above prefectural level, 25 May 1996

39. Li Ruihan’s address to the third meeting of the fourth Congress of the “TAR” Communist Party Committee on 5 September 1994

40. The statement was made to the second plenary meeting of the “TAR” Regional Committee for Receiving Returned Tibetans on 15 February 2001

41. TCHRD interview 4/380, March 2001

42. TCHRD interview 5/23, August 2001

43. TCHRD Press Release, “Monk Detained for Listening to the Dalai Lama’s Teachings”, www.tchrd.org/press/pr20011005.html

44. TCHRD Human Rights Update, June 2001, www.tchrd.org/hrupdate/2001/200106

45. A renowned Buddhist practitioner and a popular scholar. For more details refer to chapter on Civil and Political Rights

46. TCHRD Press Release, “China Strengthens Anti-Dalai Lama Campaign”, www.tchrd.org/press/pr20010713.html

47. Oral intervention by Mr. Jonathan Sisson, “Civil and Political Rights, Including the Question of Religious Intolerance”, International Fellowship of Reconciliation, Geneva, 4-6 April 2001

48 Bomi Qambalozhub quoted in People’s Daily, “Tibetan Buddhist Support China’s Current Religious Policy”, 6 April 2001,http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200104/06eng20010406_67041.html

49. Tibet Daily, 4 July 2000

50. TIN, “Anti-Religion Campaign Targets Tibetan School Children”, 20 February 2001, www.tibetinfo.net

51. TCHRD interview 4/392, 22 May 2001

52. International Religious Freedom Report 2001

53. The Dalai Lama is the Key to Tibet Issue p.6

54. Chen Kuiyan’s address to the Lhasa City mobilisation rally for the establishment of Spiritual Civilisation, 23 July 1996

55. TCHRD Human Rights Update, March 2001, www.tchrd.org/hrupdate/2001/200103

56. Testimony of Lodi G. Gyari , International Campaign for Tibet House Committee on International Relations Committee, Hearing on Religious Persecution, 10 September 1997

57. International Religious Freedom Report 2001

58. South China Morning Post, 29 June 2000

59. TCHRD Press Release, “Fate of Chadrel Rinpoche Unknown”, www.tchrd.org/press/pr20010824.html

60. The Dalai Lama is the Key to Tibet Issue p.3

61. Elaine Kurtenbach, South China Morning Post, “Successor to Dalai Lama Mulled”, 9 August 2001

62. Hindustan Times, “Dalai Lama Leaves Succession Question to Tibetans”, 7 November 2001

63. International Religious Freedom Report 2001, p.7

64. AFP, “Bush Assails China, Sudan Over Religious Repression”, 3 May 2001

65. European Parliament Resolution B5-0106,0106,0124,0142 and 0145/2001

66. People’s Daily, “Dalai Lama Lies About Tibet’s Religion”, 28 October 2001

67. AFP, Beijing, 4 June 2001

68. People’s Daily, “Tibet Allows No Abuse of Religion to Undermine Stability”, 18 May 2001

69. Las Vegas Sun, “UN Panel: “China Should Work on Rights”, Las Vegas, 9 August 2001