Publications

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Chapter 2: Restricting Religious Freedom - Notes

[Back to Chapter 2]

1. Xinhua News Agency, "Speech by President Jiang Zemin at the Central Ethnic Work Meeting and the Third National Meeting" 29 Sept.1999.

2. Xinhua News Agency, 22 June 2000.

3. The People's Republic of China: Document 19: The Basic Viewpoint on the Religious Question During Our Country's Socialist Period: Issued by the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party on 31 March 1982 and also in Religion in China, (New York, 1989).

4. Tibet TV, 1 April 1999.

5. "Religious repression worsening in Tibet," [The] Globe and Mail, (Seoul, 9 June 2000).

6. China's "patriotic re-education", a component of the "Strike Hard" or "Crack Down Severely on Crimes" campaign launched in Tibet in April 1996, was introduced as a means of suppressing politically active monks and nuns. In Tibet, the campaign is used as a lever to exert stricter control over monasteries, long regarded by the Chinese authorities as "breeding grounds and hotbed of dissent", and to indoctrinate the monastic populace who are looked upon as the "vanguard of disturbances". Beside the establishment of a "Democratic Management Committee"( DMC) and "Patriotic Education Work Unit" in every monastery and nunnery, a 10-point disciplinary code for monks and nuns was issued on 20 July 1997.

To enforce the campaign, "work teams" comprising officials from the Public Security Bureau, the Religious Affairs Bureau and the DMC, are sent into religious institutions throughout Tibet to "re-educate" clergy. The "work team" orders monks and nuns to sign a five-point political pledge in which they must oppose Tibetan "separatism" and independence, denounce the Dalai Lama and accept the Chinese candidate for Panchen Lama and the unity of Tibet and China.

7. Located in Chabcha County, Tsolho "TAP", Qinghai Province.

8. Located in Hulong County, Tso-shar "TAP", Qinghai Province

9. Situated in Thenthok townhsip, Dzogang County, Chamdo Prefecture.

10. Adelfattah Amor, United Nations Special Rapporteur on Religion, "Report on visit to China", Geneva 1995.

11. DIIR publication, China's Current Policy on Tibet, Life and Death Struggle to Crush an Ancient Civilization, (Dharamsala, 29 Sept. 2000), 11.

12. Situated in Pashoe County, Chamdo Prefecture, "TAR".

13. Nicholas Eftimiades, Chinese Intelligence Operations, (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1994), 48-51.

14. Mickey Speigel, "Religion in China," China Rights Forum, (Spring 1995): 14.

15. "TAR" Party Publication on religious policy guidelines laid down at the Third Work Forum on Tibet in 1994.

16. Located in Sershung Township, Tengchen County, Chamdo Prefecture.

17. Human Rights Watch/Asia, China: State Control of Religion, (USA, Oct. 1997), 69.

18. South China Morning Post, 14 March 2000.

19. International Campaign for Tibet, A Season to Purge: Religious Repression in Tibet (1996), 2.

20. TIN News Update, Handover of Power Reflects Party Line (8 Dec. 2000).

21. TIN News Update, Tension in Lhasa on Dalai Lama's Birthday (7 July 2000).

22. Ten townships of Toelung Dechen County where the confiscation of Dalai Lama photographs took place are Leu (Sangda), Ma Township, Gurum, Jarak, Nechung, Lamo, Dechen, Yada, Thognka and Nangkha Township.

23. For more details, see Driven to the edge in this Chapter, 24.

24. In Nagchu Region, "TAR".

25. In Dathang Township, Driru County in Nagchu Prefecture.

26. TIN, Human Rights Watch/Asia, Cutting Off the Serpent's Head: Tightening Control in Tibet (USA, March 1996), 159.

27. TCHRD Annual Report 1999, Tibet: Tightening of Control (Dharamsala, Jan. 2000), 58.

28. Situated north of Tawu County, Sichuan Province.

29. Situated in Golog "TAP", Qinghai Province (Amdo).

30. Both the monasteries are located in Sershul County in Kandze "TAP", Sichuan Province.